06/04/2023: Biology
本周的主题是 Biology 生物。
其实,生态是一个被滥用的隐喻:我们用它来形容一切我们感到庞大而混乱的事物。里面往往有不同的组成部分,它们相互纠缠在一起,或许还会产生某些化学反应;当它产生崩坏的时候,我们也经常不知道最初的坏疽是从哪里生长出来的,只能眼睁睁的看着腐烂从内而外,无法遏制。
隐喻最终会变为日常的语言, 无色无味的融化谈话中,再也不会有人在意某个词语本原的意思。生态本来的意思是指生物与环境之间相互作用的科学研究领域。个体与整体,个体与个体,这些复杂的关系反正也很难搞清,还不如含糊其词。
生物呢,是一个没有那么常用的隐喻。它更多是指个体。对于个体,人们一般倾向用更特定的名字来称呼。比如,我们会说公司,会说团队,会说个人,很可能也会用名字来指代,但很少用「生物」这个隐喻。而 Charlie Munger 这样说:
Well, over the long term, the companies of America behave more like biology than they do anything else. And biology, all the individuals die and so do all the species, it’s just a question of time. And that’s pretty well what happens in the economy, too.
All the things that were really great when I were young have receded enormously, and new things have come up and some of them started to die. And that is what the long term investment climate is. And it does make it very interesting.
翻译过来就是:美国的企业行为更像生物,而不是其他任何东西,这是一个长期的事实。生物学中,所有的个体最终都会死亡,物种也会灭绝,只是时间问题而已。经济也是如此。我年轻时看起来很棒的事物,如今已经大大减少,新的事物也涌现出来,其中一些开始消失。这就是长期投资气候。这确实很有趣。
云淡风轻的「这很有趣」,实际上是看惯了此消彼长,生物比起生态,要脆弱得多,毕竟只是单一个体,没有很多可以抵御风险的屏障。但是,生物也并不是那么容易死掉。在漫长的和环境的对抗性调适中,每一种生物都变得韧性十足——往往不是打正面,而是死扛、拖延,最后的赢家往往是熬得住的那一方。
所有有生命的生物都会面对死亡,这是最简单不过的基本事实。如果你处于一个恶劣的环境中,最佳的生存策略就是不要被环境打败。
Essays
Ultimate Guide to Platforms by Steven Sinofsky
这是一篇长文,由前微软高管 Steven Sinofsky,他曾经在 2009 年 - 2012 年间担任 Windows 业务部门的总裁。文章总结了他对于技术平台和平台经济的系统性思考。有趣的是,标题和 Platform Thinking + 的副标题很相似。
这篇文章我做了很多摘抄,多到没办法都放在 newsletter 中,所以还是建议感兴趣的读者自己去花点时间阅读原文。我会挑一些更重点的部分分享。
首先是对「平台」的定义:
The simplest definition of a platform is a technology that serves as an ingredient for the success of others but is so important that it achieves recognition and a market position on its own.
翻译:平台最简单的定义是一种技术,它充当他人成功的一个要素,但其重要性如此之高,以至于它获得认可并在市场上拥有自己的位置。
Limiting the discussion to relatively modern business, one of the earliest examples of a platform strategy was undertaken at General Motors (GM) with the advent of automobile product lines. Within GM in the 1950s and later, what started out as efficiency in supply chain procurement turned into a go-to market strategy. By relying on common assemblies and other subsystems of cars while differentiating on branding and option choices, GM created the illusion of serving many more customers with cars uniquely tuned to specific customer segments. This eventually led to separate businesses based on a common platform, for example the Camaro, Firebird, and Trans-Am were very different customers for mostly the same car. An eye-opening list of just how far this platform strategy went can be found on the list of GM platforms .
翻译:GM 在 1950 年代后期采取的最早的平台战略是一个很好的例子。通过依靠共同的组件和其他汽车子系统,同时差异化品牌和选择选项,GM 创造出为特定客户群体定制的汽车的幻觉,最终导致了基于共同平台的独立业务,例如 Camaro、Firebird 和 Trans-Am 就是为不同客户提供几乎相同的汽车。GM 平台的令人眼前一亮的清单可以发现这种平台战略走得有多远。
Sinofsky 在一定程度上认同了 Bill Gates 给出的定义:
A platform is when the economic value of everybody that uses it, exceeds the value of the company that creates it.
平台是指使用它的每个人的经济价值超过创建它的公司的价值。在这个意义上,定义一个平台成功的是它的「用户」,或者说「参与者」。
而 Sinofsky 认为,平台和平台经济(platform economics)是两件事。最典型的例子其实就是他曾经任职的 Windows:Windows 是一个典型的符合 Gates 定义的平台,但是 Windows 的开放策略使得上面长出了 Adobe 这样的利润颇丰的公司,但微软自身从 Windows 身上赚到的利润占整个生态利润的比例要小得多。与之相比,苹果公司的 iOS 生态则采取了「封闭花园」的战略,稳定获取 30% 的分成。Sinofsky 所举出的 GM 通用汽车的案例,则更加封闭,整车甚至售后服务中的绝大部分利润都被 GM 拿走了,这么来看,GM 或许不是一个好的技术平台的例子。
随后,Sinofsky 举出了 10 种构建平台的基本模式,包括:API、用户体验(UX)、应用、数据存储、横向和纵向平台、插件、连接器和整合器、应用商店、交易市场和网络、开源。
这 10 种模式互相会有重叠,比如说应用商店可以被认为是一种特殊的交易市场,以及 API 往往和 UX 高度相关。文中在这部分的分析篇幅颇长,其中比较有趣的几点:
For the UX to take on platform dynamics it must also embody a set of capabilities that are difficult to impossible to copy. It is for this reason that some believe the UX can be viewed as a secondary cause for the success of a platform. Is Excel the wildly dominant spreadsheet because of the user interface or because of the vast array of capabilities that in total constitute the real platform? The same could be said of social networks where the small number of mechanisms for the UX are integral parts of the underlying dynamics of a network, onboarding, algorithmic feeds, and recommendation engines.
One of the most significant challenges in platform technology is taking something that is an app UX platform and “opening it up” to become an API platform. Many apps go through a lifecycle where they first gain traction as an app or even a point solution. Then they gradually open up the app to enable plugins, connectors, or other customizations (see below). Finally, they have enough feedback from large technical adopters that they would like to tap into the magic of the backend, engine, or runtime of the app and build their own app experience treating your app as a block of reusable code. This almost never works, as appealing as it might be.
翻译:
对于用户体验来说,要实现平台动态,它还必须具备一系列很难甚至不可能复制的能力。正因为如此,一些人认为用户体验可以被视为平台成功的次要原因。Excel 是否因为用户界面而成为飞速发展的电子表格软件,还是因为大量功能的总体而成为真正的平台?同样的,可以说社交网络中,用户体验的少数机制是网络、用户引导、算法信息流和推荐引擎的基础动力。
平台技术面临的最大挑战之一是将应用程序用户体验平台「开放」,变成 API 平台。许多应用程序都经历了一个生命周期,首先作为应用程序或甚至单点解决方案受到关注,然后逐渐开放应用程序,以便支持插件、连接器或其他定制化。最后,他们从大型技术采用者那里获得了足够的反馈,希望挖掘应用程序的后端、引擎或运行时的魔力,并建立自己的应用程序体验,将你的应用程序作为可重用代码块。然而,这几乎永远不会成功,尽管它看起来十分吸引人。
对于数据存储平台,关键在于是否能够成为企业内部的「单一事实来源」。
The platform nature of data storage comes from being the single source of truth in a company—the actual transaction data that matters. With the change in economics of storage and rise of the cloud we have started to see shifts in how the transactions themselves can be moved to different data platforms. These new platforms, like Databricks and Snowflake, have attributes of traditional transactional backends combined with the capabilities for analysis and reporting that used to be considered separate products running “on top” of the strategic database. In other words, the source of truth is starting to move. As the source of truth moves the platform leverage and economics move with it.
翻译:
数据存储平台的本质来源于成为企业中唯一的事实来源——即真实的交易数据。随着存储经济的变化以及云的兴起,我们开始看到交易数据本身如何转移到不同的数据平台的变化。这些新平台,如 Databricks 和 Snowflake,不仅仅具有传统的交易后端的属性,更具有分析和报告的能力——后者曾经被认为是要在战略数据库之上运行的单独产品。换句话说,事实来源正在发生变化。随着事实来源的迁移,平台杠杆和经济也随之变化。
在文章的最后一部分,Sinofksy 给出了一张他认为的平台生命周期的图。

这里不对每一个环节做一一解释。Sinofsky 在文中感叹到:
Having lived it multiple times, I prefer to think of it as the “circle of life” and part of the natural order. Platforms should not last forever. Better ways do come along. It is ok. It is better to build the next platform than do everything possible to keep a platform at a late stage of the cycle.
经过了多次周期,我更喜欢将其看作是“生命之轮”,这是自然规律的一部分。平台不应永存。更好的方式总会出现。这没什么。与其尽一切可能将平台保持在生命周期的晚期,不如去建立下一个平台。
Big City by Drew Austin
Austin 在一篇短文中精彩的描述了为什么社交媒体让我们相信我们拥有「社交影响力」,正如 Andy Warhol 著名的论断:每个人都可以获得 15 分钟的名声——实际上,这种虚假的名声少得可怜。
But most people who use social media for hours per day aren’t striving for any amount of fame at all. Nor did Warhol promise that any of us would get our 15 minutes all at once. If fame is simply the aggregate real estate that an individual occupies in other people’s minds, above a certain threshold, then digital technology enables us to parcel out that real estate in ever smaller units and distribute them in more creative ways. Instead of being famous to a million people for 15 minutes, you might be famous to 15 people for a million minutes (so to speak), or for a few seconds at a time over a matter of years. The true genius of Instagram Stories, I am convinced, is not the format or the content’s ephemerality, but the elevation of “views” as a primary engagement metric for ordinary social media users. The bar for smashing the like button on a post is much higher, after all; rather than encouraging people to smash it more, or god forbid, to improve the quality of their material, why not just move the goalposts and foreground a stat that happens much more frequently, and often automatically? (You probably noticed that Twitter recently started highlighting views as a stat too.) If we recombined all the fractional seconds of partial attention that our better posts capture, and converted it back into a more legible currency like speaking to a roomful of people, we’d probably be shocked by how little mindshare it amounts to.
从日常使用社交媒体几个小时的大多数人并不是为了获得任何程度的名气。Warhol 也没有承诺我们会立刻获得 15 分钟的声望。如果名气只是个人在他人记忆中占据的总面积超过一定的阈值,那么数字技术使我们能够以更小的单位分割这一面积,并以更有创意的方式传播。与其在 15 分钟内获得 100 万人的知名度,不如在数年内以 15 人为单位,或以几秒钟为单位持续获得知名度(可以这么说)。我确信 Instagram 快拍的真正天才之处,不是格式或内容的短暂性,而是将「观看次数」作为普通社交媒体用户的主要参与指标。毕竟,点赞一条帖子的门槛要高得多;与其鼓励人们多次点赞——或者更糟糕的——提高他们的材料质量,为什么不改变目标,将「观看次数」放在前台——这种现象更加频繁,而且通常是自动的?(您可能已经注意到,Twitter 最近也开始强调观看次数作为一个统计数据)。如果我们重新组合所有我们的优秀帖子获得的时长和关注,并将其转换回像与一个房间的人说话一样可读的货币,我们可能会对它的心智份额有多少感到震惊。
在这个意义上看,社交媒体和发现引擎(Discovery Engine)就是不断的在用新的方法重新分割影响力的稀缺性。新的用户界面比如 Instagram Stories 或者 TikTok 通过 UI 上的极度简化和内容的极度缩短,改变了消费者无意中分配给每条内容的注意力,反过来,也就降低了每个创作者所能获得的影响力。同时,从「点赞」到「观看」,从主动到被动,社交货币的通货膨胀也在情理之中。
Faith Over Logic by Erik Torenberg
Tell us what Bayes Theorem says about Israel vs Palestine. Tell us what Bayes Theorem says about how to be a good father. Tell us what Bayes Theorem says about what’s the meaning of life.
请告诉我们贝叶斯定理对以色列和巴勒斯坦的意义是什么?请告诉我们贝叶斯定理如何做一个好父亲?请告诉我们贝叶斯定理对人生的意义是什么?
Erik Torenberg 在这篇讲述信念的重要性的文章中提出了 3 个问题(最初由 Antonio Garcia Martinez 提出)。
逻辑不能回答这些问题。人类世界不是这么运行的。
Shortform

Impact 是一家来自比利时的建筑公司,用巨幅海报向 AI 发起嘲讽。
via https://twitter.com/DataChaz/status/1664659742038392840
Longform
本周在读 Scaling People,这是一本由 Stripe Press 出版的书,作者是 Stripe 之前的 COO Claire Hughes Johnson,她也曾经为 Google 等公司工作过,是一名业务多面手。这本书从团队的愿景、目标设定,招聘,培养和管理等环节入手,讲述如何能让人才随着业务的规模化发展而成长。
这本书的实操性很强,有时候会让你想起 Working Backwards(中文版即《亚马逊工作法》)。其实本书也在多次提起了 Working Backwards 带来的启发。两本书都是由企业高管亲自撰写,也带有大量企业内部的真实案例和文档,如果你在工作遇到相似的问题,读起来会感觉到很应手。
我在书中读到的一段很有感触的话就是关于 Leaders vs. Managers 这个话题的。摘录部分如下:
Great leaders put forth a vision and set lofty goals that inspire others to forge ahead, even when the path isn't always clear. The clarity of their vision keeps everyone focused on the big picture and sustains participation and motivation.
伟大的领导者提出了一个愿景,并设定了崇高的目标,激励其他人向前迈进,即使道路并不总是明确。他们清晰的愿景让每个人都专注于大局,并保持参与和动力。
Management has a lot to do with whether we’re playing the game well, we’re developing the tools, we know what the dashboard looks like, we’re paying attention to the dashboard, and so on. Leadership has a lot to do with how you set the spirit of the organization. To some degree, it could be how big the goal is and what the goal is. But usually, it’s a goal that’s set in a way that isn’t necessarily operationalized well. Management is how you get the mechanics of the pieces coming together. And leadership is more [about creating] a culture or energy of engagement—belief in the importance of winning. It’s that ‘We can do this’ energy. —Reid Hoffman, partner, Greylock Partners, cofounder and former executive chairman, LinkedIn
管理与我们是否玩好游戏有很大关系,我们正在开发工具,我们知道仪表板是什么样子,我们正在关注仪表板,等等。领导力与你如何树立组织精神有很大关系。在某种程度上,可能是目标有多大,目标是什么。但通常,这是一个以不能充分运营化的方式而设定的目标。管理是你如何将零件的机制组合在一起。领导力更多的是[创造]一种参与的文化或能量——相信胜利的重要性。这是“我们可以做到这一点”的能量。—Reid Hoffman,合伙人,Greylock Partners,LinkedIn 联合创始人兼前执行董事长
Marty Linsky, one of the authors of the book The Practice of Adaptive Leadership, has a saying that I’ve repeated often to colleagues and direct reports: Leadership is disappointing people at a rate they can absorb. Leadership is ultimately about driving change, while management is about creating stability. Stability is important in a work environment, but confronting challenges and realizing new ideas require discomfort. This means that you and your teams must abandon the stable and familiar in favor of an uncertain—but exciting—new direction.
《适应性领导力的实践》一书的作者之一 Marty Linsky 有一句话,我经常向同事和直接下属重复这句话:领导力就是让人以可以接受的速度感到失望。领导力最终是为了推动变革,而管理是为了创造稳定。稳定性在工作环境中很重要,但面对挑战和实现新想法需要不适。这意味着您和您的团队必须放弃稳定和熟悉的方向,转而选择不确定但令人兴奋的新方向。
在读到这些话之前,我一度认为 Leadership 这个词已经从管理理念中消失了。此刻,我还是相信,这是一个组织能对抗恶劣环境的必需品。