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11/20/2022: BORED

本周的主题是 BORED 无聊。

Matt Levine 在 The Crypto Story 中写道:

The most famous NFT collection is of course the Bored Ape Yacht Club, a series of 10,000 JPEG images of monkeys on Ethereum, some of which sell for millions of dollars. There’s no physical yacht club, but there are (IRL) parties for Bored Ape owners. Various celebrities, art dealers, and venture capitalists own apes, and owning an ape is a way to join an exclusive club. And that club has its norms, and those norms include “It is cool to use a picture of your ape as your Twitter profile picture” and “It is not cool to use a picture of an ape you don’t own as your Twitter profile picture.” The technological and legal connections between blockchain and JPEG and ownership are a bit thin, but the connections are enforced culturally.
最著名的 NFT 系列当然是无聊的猴子游艇俱乐部,这是一系列 10,000 个以太坊上的 JPEG 图像,其中一些以数百万美元的价格出售。没有实体游艇俱乐部,但是有(现实世界)无聊猴子派对。各种名人、艺术经销商和风险资本家拥有猴子,拥有猴子是加入独家俱乐部的一种方式。该俱乐部有其规范,这些规范包括「将猿的图片用作 Twitter 个人资料图片很酷」和「使用您不拥有的猿的图片作为 Twitter 个人资料图片并不酷」。区块链与 JPEG 之间的技术和法律联系有点薄,但是这些联系在文化上是强制执行的。

尽管 Google Translate 并不擅长翻译字里行间的意思,但你大概也能读出作者的嘲讽语气,特别是这一段像模像样的话是和猴子放在一起的时候。在 Elon Musk 时代的 Twitter,猴子头像似乎已经有点过时了。新的身份之争转移到了大象(Mastodon)上。人类社会就是如此神奇,我们善于幻想,并且还经常会想到一起去。

Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) 上的一张 JPEG 今天仍然价值数万美元,这比一年前肯定缩水太多。猴子很无聊也很无辜,它从屏幕里面看着你说,你们才无聊。

Levine 在他的长文结尾处写道:

A key lesson of crypto is: A bunch of people can get together online and make their community have economic value, and then capture that value for themselves. If you explain the mechanism for that, it sounds even worse. “Well, see, there’s this token of membership in the community, and it’s up 400% this week. Also the tokens are JPEGs of monkeys.”
加密货币的一个关键教训是:一群人可以在线聚会,使他们的社区具有经济价值,然后为自己捕获这种价值。如果您要解释这其中的机制,听起来甚至更糟。「好吧,看,社区中有大量会员资格,本周增长了 400%。 代币是猴子头像的 JPEG。」

这种故事听上去似曾相识。就像一本小说的开头,既是过去时,也是未来时。

Essays

The Crypto Story by Matt Levine

Matt Levine 是 Bloomberg 的商业专栏作家,也曾经在华尔街上闯荡江湖,他的 newsletter 据称有超过 15 万名订阅者。本文是他最近发表的一篇关于加密货币的长文,彭博商业周刊用了一整期杂志刊登了全文。

Matt Levine 的文笔像是一个你会在美国电影的酒吧里面碰上的那种神侃大叔,话糙理不糙,还经常会穿插进他前半生的那些牛仔故事,半真半假的瓜连起他认识的大人物。这篇文章在 Bloomberg 的网站上看出,配上了一些出人意料但并不出戏的神奇梗图,阅读体验好比早年看半佛仙人的知乎爽答。

全文分为四个大的部分:第一部分讲基础概念,第二部分介绍进阶概念,第三部分开始讲以加密货币为基础的金融系统,最后一部分总结了信任、货币和社区等概念。

前两部分对于门外汉而言,是绝佳的入门教程。在开头部分,Levine 告诉我们,现代生活架构于数据库之上,而数据库存储的,是现代社会的信任基础。

他不无反讽的讲道:

WE TRUST THE KEEPERS OF THE DATABASES.
Sometimes this is because we know them and consider them to be trustworthy. More often it means we have an abstract sense of trust in the broader system, the system of laws and databases and trust itself. We assume that we can trust the systems we use, because doing so makes life much easier than not trusting them and because that assumption mostly works out. It’s a towering and underappreciated achievement of modernity that we mostly do trust the database-keepers, Mark Zuckerberg, Sundar Pichai, Christine Lagarde, Cathie Wood and that they mostly are trustworthy.
我们信任数据库的管理者。
有时这是因为我们认识他们,并认为他们是值得信赖的。 更常见的是,我们对更广泛的系统、法律和数据库系统以及信任本身具有抽象的信任感。 我们假设我们可以信任我们使用的系统,因为这样做可以使生活比不信任它们更容易,因为这一假设大多是奏效的。 这是一种高耸和低估的现代成就,我们主要相信数据库管理员 Mark Zuckerberg,Sundar Pichai,Christine Lagarde,Cathie Wood,并且他们是值得信赖的。

在提到上述名字的时候,他用了这些人的照片。然后,在新的一节中,Levine 继续说:

But we don’t always trust them, and they’re not always trustworthy.
Sometimes they just aren’t. There are banks you can’t trust to hold your money for you and places where you can’t trust the rule of law to regulate them. There are governments you can’t trust not to seize your money from the banks, or falsify election results, or change the property registry and take your house. There are social media companies you can’t trust not to freeze your account arbitrarily. Most people in the US, most days, live in a high-trust world, where it’s easy and reasonable to trust that the intermediaries who run the databases that shape our lives will behave properly. But not everyone everywhere lives like that.
但是我们并不总是相信他们,而且他们并不总是值得信赖。
有时他们就是不可信。 你不信任一些银行来管理你的钱,一些一些地方监管银行的法律。你不信任一些政府不会从银行中抢走你的钱,或者伪造选举结果,或更改财产注册表并没收你的房屋。你不信任一些社交媒体公司不会任意冻结您的帐户。大多数日子,大多数人都生活在一个高信任的世界中,在这里,很容易和合理地相信,运行塑造我们生活的数据库的中介机构将表现正常。但是,并非所有人都这样生活。

他将在几万个单词之后再一次回顾信任这个话题,但在此刻,他精彩的总结了一项基本到我们都会视而不见的概念:信任。

我曾经很痴迷于理解这个概念,并曾经提出:信任是最大的网络效应。其背后的思考是:人与人在血缘关系之外,还有什么关系是能够不断延伸的而不减弱的——这实际上是为了更好的理解社交网络,它们往往最初建立在亲朋好友之上,但也正因为如此,限制了关系连接的广泛程度。直到我发现信任关系实际上可以从 A 到 B,也可以从 B 到 C,这样不断延伸下去,甚至于可以达到无限层。

这就是为什么货币作为支付的媒介是容易构建网络的。当然,这种网络和我们说的社交网络是不大一样的。微信用二维码很好的解决了这种微妙的复杂性:你无需加一个人好友,进入他的社交世界,也可以付钱给他。买卖关系可能是短暂的、浅薄的,但它也可以是持续的、重大的。

Bitcoin 最初的价值主张就是创造一种去中心化的支付媒介。它以区块链为基础,使用公钥和私钥的加密方法,把安全验证分散到每一位以财务收益为动机的挖矿者手中。这时,信任建立的基础不再是高耸的银行大楼及其背后的百年声誉,而是无数看不见摸不着的「矿机」。

Ethereum 则进一步从支付媒介中抽象出「智能合约」的概念,把自身描述为一种去中心化的计算机。所谓「智能合约」,自然也可以理解成是信任的一种程序化表达,其结果也要经过去中心化验证才能完成确认,保证「交易」双方的共识。到了这里,加密货币的功能得以再一次超越传统意义上的货币,有可能把现实世界上种种行为、资产、身份、状态都转为基于 Ethereum 而构建的程序。

Levine 列举了一些最大的应用,一是 Web3,二是 DeFi。他对两者的看法都相对保守,对于前者,他认为是:

Crypto technology runs on crypto tokens, and crypto tokens get their value from crypto technology.

换句话说,没有人知道其价值是从哪里来的。而对于后者,则是:

More broadly, the business of DeFi is about reusing tokens as much as possible. You have some tokens, you lock them up in a smart contract that does a thing and pays you a return, the smart contract gives you some sort of receipt token, and you turn around and lock up those receipt tokens in another smart contract that does another thing and pays you some more.

为了产生更大的收益,你需要尽可能最大化的 reuse 手中的代币,这就产生了种种眼花缭乱的做法,最终的解决往往类似庞氏骗局。

Levine 在 Reinventing 2008 这一节中写道:

These people—the people who left TradFi for crypto because the money was better—didn’t necessarily have strong philosophical commitments to all that Satoshi stuff. They weren’t like, “Leverage is bad, banks are evil, monetary soundness is what matters.” Some came from banks. They were there to make money. One way to make money is by finding good trades, finding cheap ways to borrow money, and then borrowing as much as possible to put into those trades.

颇有一种勇者打败了恶龙,最终自己却也变成了恶龙的宿命感。那些从华尔街中走出来的金融精英,海盗般的发现了一片新大陆,于是故技重施,让加密货币最初的梦想化为灰地。

在全文的结尾处,回到信任的概念,Levine 这样写道:

There’s something a bit alarming about this. Crypto is in a way about rejecting the institutions of society, about being trustless and censorship-resistant. But it quietly free-rides on people’s deep reservoir of trust in those institutions. People are so used to trusting banks that, when Celsius told them not to trust banks, they said, “Ah, yes, OK,” then trusted Celsius to work like a bank, to be regulated like a bank. They didn’t worry about Celsius’s opacity and leverage. They didn’t do their own due diligence on its loans and audit its DeFi positions and demand irrefutable proof of its soundness. It promised to pay them back, and that was good enough for them.
But there’s something hopeful about it, too. Trust in institutions is so strong and resilient that all of crypto’s bluster can’t stamp it out. “Not your keys, not your coins, put your trust only in verifiable code,” crypto evangelists yelled, and people heard them and said, “Yes, that is nice, but I’m busy, I’m going to trust these nice strangers with my Bitcoin.”
Crypto, in its origins, was about abandoning the system of social trust that’s been built up over centuries and replacing it with cryptographic proof. And then it got going and rebuilt systems of trust all over again. What a nice vote of confidence in the idea of trust.
ONE THING CRYPTO HAS DONE IS SHOW JUST HOW VALUABLE TRUST IS.

加密货币的原教旨主义并不是建立信任,而是免除任何人际信任的必要,具体体现为把任何中心化的机构都排除在交易过程之外。尽管在实施过程中出现了种种问题,但它最大的问题在于,习惯的力量如此强大,人们还是会不由自主的对人和机构产生信任,这种社交天性使得在加密货币的世界中,仍然会出现中心化的倾向,并聚集新的风险。我认为,这种倾向是不可避免的,它实际上也是 Bitcoin 和 Ethereum 之所以成立的关键:它们依赖于社会化认可才能获得今天的广泛采纳。

Doing-centric explanatory mediums: board game instruction manuals and an unusual Figma document by Andy Matuschak

Andy Matuschak 是一位独立研究者,主要关注技术如何拓展人类思考的能力,也就是所谓的 Tools for Thoughts。他曾经在苹果从事 iOS 相关的研发,并领导在线教育公司 Khan Academy 的技术团队。他的笔记方法被很多人推崇。

他曾经发表过一篇题目为 Why books don't work 的文章,本文可以认为是那篇文章的后续。

读书被认为是学习的重要途径,但书有什么问题呢?Matuschak 首先从课堂讲起。

Lectures, as a medium, have no carefully-considered cognitive model at their foundation. Yet if we were aliens observing typical lectures from afar, we might notice the implicit model they appear to share: “the lecturer says words describing an idea; the class hears the words and maybe scribbles in a notebook; then the class understands the idea.” In learning sciences, we call this model “transmissionism.” It’s the notion that knowledge can be directly transmitted from teacher to student, like transcribing text from one page onto another. If only! The idea is so thoroughly discredited that “transmissionism” is only used pejoratively, in reference to naive historical teaching practices. Or as an ad-hominem in juicy academic spats.

这里他提出了一个概念:transmissionism,把讲课的过程做成了一种单向、线性的信息传输,学生被动接收了这些信息,却不一定能够理解或实践。书,作为一种学习媒介,也具有类似的问题:

So here’s another problem with books, and specifically with books meant to help you learn a skill: the medium makes it difficult to collapse the distance between prose and action. Books rarely involve doing what they’re about. Most books, even books intended for skill-building, are only about what they’re about.

书的问题在于,它的目的是要教会读者学习,但作为一种媒介,它把文本和行动分离开了。你或者是在阅读,或者是放下书去实践,这两者很难同时发生,特别是对于那些信息密度极高、逻辑连接非常严密的书,一旦离开阅读环境去做别的事情,想要再回来,都要花费不少的功夫。

作者随后解释到,大部分人的高速成长都是从大量的实践中获得的。读书或许是重要的信息来源,但它往往需要伴随着好的导师、伙伴或在现实中练习的机会。作者提到了「解释性文本」的重要价值:它就像是最深入的专家和最犀利的沟通者一起来撰写一本书。

Explanatory prose might lack personalization and interpersonal connection, but it can be more carefully honed; it does not tire and is ready whenever you are; it can embed figures and abstract notation; it can be consumed non-linearly; it can be read more quickly than speech can be heard; and so on. Perhaps most importantly, it’s a mass medium. The deepest experts and sharpest communicators in the world can craft a book on this topic, and millions of people can hold it in their hands for effectively zero marginal cost.

Matuschak 的一个重要研究方向是如何重新设计媒介,或者说界面,让阅读和学习变得更有效。他提出了互动文本(Interactive Articles)的概念,可以简单认为是在文中增加可以互动学习的片段,这样就能够拉近文本与实践之间的距离。他曾经和合作者开发了一个叫做 Quantum Country 的项目作为示例。在本文中,他用了设计软件 Figma 的例子——这其实是 Figma 的一个帮助教学文档,通过一系列可点击操作的幻灯片,介绍了软件的基本概念的使用方法。两个例子都可以尝试。

Shortform

@psaffo:

Westward

图片来自未来学家 Paul Saffo。

Longform

本周继续阅读 Inventor of the Future。

其中一段写到 Buckminster Fuller 看着自己设计的穹顶被直升机吊起来。

这张照片拍摄于 1954 年。美国海军上校 Henry Lane 希望能有一种快速部署组装的驻营装置,找到了多年潜心于设计轻量、廉价、可移动安装的建筑的 Fuller。讨论后决定,用直升机完成穹顶的安装,以展示结构设计的可能性。

飞机吊起穹顶,在一百英尺高空飞行了半英里,Fuller 在远处静静看着他二十年的心血之作在空中悬浮,最终安装到地面上。愿景中,可工业化生产并可以空运组装的建筑在这一刻得到了戏剧性的实现。

这张图片的另一个版本也在纽约时报的头版刊出。

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