7/10/2022: Blindness
本周的主题是 Blindness 盲从。
上周预告说要暂停更新一周,本来计划回去看一下父母,但是因为突发疫情,又不得不取消行程,所以临时决定保持更新。
盲从这个主题是本周所读的一些内容的共有之处。我们有时候无法解释自己的行为和观念,总好像是有无形之手在暗暗牵引。等到我们发现的时候,往往已经莫名其妙的走了很远,甚至没有回转的路径。
主要原因不在「盲」,而在「从」。一旦同行之人出了问题,就很可能陷入一个小的怪圈,人总有寻求归属于同类的动物本能,在群体中,你的行为和思想可能并不受控。所谓文化,就是要努力把群体行为的模式定到一个正确的轨道上去,否则,就是一群人的失败。
Essays
Startup Markets, Summer 2022 Edition by Elad Gil
Elad Gil 发表了他对近期美国创投市场的看法,虽然中美两国的创投趋势走向不再相同,但其中很多的判断仍然具有参考意义。摘录部分重点如下。
估值和融资
Down rounds and structured rounds (where investors are "guaranteed" certain payouts if the company survives) will likely accelerate in 6-18 months. They will largely impact companies that raised during the all time highs of Q3 or Q4 2021 and now find themselves "stuck" and unable to raise more money. These will accelerate as a number of companies get low on cash and need to raise again, but have failed to grow into their 2021 valuation.
估值下跌的融资轮和结构化融资轮(如果公司幸存,投资者可以「保证」获得一定的回报)可能会在 6-18 个月内加速。它们将在很大程度上影响那些在 2021 年第三季度或第四季度创下历史新高估值的公司,现在发现自己「陷入困境」,无法筹集更多资金。随着许多公司现金不足并需要再次筹集资金,但未能增长到 2021 年的估值,这些将加速。
裁员
If you do have to do layoffs, it is usually better to err on the side of cutting deeper than is needed and then rehire later versus doing multiple layoffs spread out in time. While most cultures can sustain a single layoff, it is harder to do multiple in a row and this can negatively impact all the people still employed with the company, as well as employees who get laid off who thought they were safe.
如果你确实必须裁员,通常最好选择比需要的深度更深,然后再重新雇用,而不是在一段时间内进行多次裁员。虽然大多数文化可以维持一次裁员,但很难连续裁员,这可能会对仍在公司工作的所有员工以及认为自己安全的被裁员的员工产生负面影响。
管理文化
Expect more “cleaning up mission and culture at work” moments. More CEOs will reemphasize that the company focus should be on customers, business building, and its core mission. In a turbo charged hiring market, the relationship power on average lies with employees over management. As markets normalize, lay offs happen, and jobs outside of MAMAA companies get sparser. Management regains some power and more importantly backbone. Maybe the vehement Slack debate on international political regimes that properly support organic oat milk are at least partially superfluous for your pet insurance startup whose business is tanking?
期待更多「清理工作中的使命和文化」时刻。更多 CEO 将再次强调公司的重点应该放在客户、业务建设和核心使命上。在一个快速增长的招聘市场中,关系的力量平均在于员工而不是管理层。随着市场正常化,裁员发生,MAMAA 公司以外的工作岗位变得越来越少。管理层重新获得了一些权力,更重要的是骨干。也许对于适当支持有机燕麦奶的国际政治制度的激烈 Slack 辩论对于您的业务正在下滑的宠物保险初创公司来说至少部分是多余的?
危机
It is possible with ongoing tightening of monetary policy (interest rate hikes and QT) that times will get worse. In that case you can expect further acceleration of layoffs and more valuation drops. Even if that were to happen, this is still one of the best eras in history in which to build a company. Capital and information are still broadly available, opportunities abound, and we are undergoing a generational shift to technology underlying all industries in a variety of ways.
随着货币政策的持续收紧(加息和量化宽松),情况可能会变得更糟。在这种情况下,你可以预期裁员的进一步加速和更多的估值下降。即使发生这种情况,这仍然是历史上建立公司的最佳时代之一。资本和信息仍然广泛可用,机会比比皆是,我们正在以各种方式向所有行业的技术转型。
本文的结尾是:It is still a great time to build. 并举出了 Google、Apple 等一系列在前次危机中创业的公司作为例子。
仍然丝毫不放松。
Silicon Valley’s Horrible Bosses by Charlie Warzel
本文来自 The Atlantic,作者以 Coinbase 创始人和 CEO Brian Armstrong 为例,批评了硅谷盛行的管理文化。
你可以认为,这篇文章是对 Elad Gil 文中提到的 cleaning up mission and culture at work 的回应。在 Warzel 的文章开头,他写道:
In the time between me scheduling this newsletter and its publications, Coinbase:
- Laid off 18 percent of its workforce. Fired employees were given no notice and woke up locked out of their email.
- Ran an ad during the NBA finals mocking tweets saying that crypto is dead.
这种「冰火两重天」式的戏剧冲突可能是媒体记者多年专业训练所造就的,但其背后的逻辑联系却是牵强的。裁员和营销的决策当然是独立的,而各自的执行手段自然也会有不同的准则。这本来无从苛责,而 Warzel 则进一步把 Armstrong 等硅谷企业家的管理风格上升为 Musk School of Management:
These tweets are straight out of the Elon Musk School of Management. I’m tempted to say that they were part of a strategy, except I’m not sure how premeditated they were. But they were certainly an example of culture war–as–management in its most basic form. This management style is confrontational and public-facing, and it relies on “thought leadership” expressed through tweets. The Musk School is as much about cultivating the individual executive’s brand as it is about running an actual company. Its practitioners see themselves as visionaries, and they can often point to the early success of their companies as evidence. But they also believe that the skills they perceive as having in one area are applicable elsewhere—in particular, the messy art of managing people.
这些推文直接来自马斯克管理学派。 我很想说他们是战略的一部分,但我不确定他们是如何有预谋的。 但它们无疑是最基本形式的文化战争——即管理的一个例子。 这种管理风格是对抗性和面向公众的,它依赖于通过推文表达的「思想领导力」。 马斯克学派既是关于培养个人高管的品牌,也是关于经营一家实际的公司。 它的从业者将自己视为有远见的人,他们通常可以将其公司的早期成功作为证据。 但他们也相信,他们认为在某个领域拥有的技能也适用于其他领域——尤其是管理人员的杂乱无章的艺术。
在列举了多篇 Armstrong 和 Musk 的推文之后,作者认为,这些言行看起来是管理创新,实际上都经不起考验。比如 Elon Musk 前度要求员工必须每周在办公室工作 40 小时以上,否则就要另找出炉,作者则认为,Musk 根本没有考虑到远程工作对企业文化和效率带来的好处:
Over the last two years, I’ve spoken to hundreds of people about remote work—workers in dozens of industries, HR reps, executives, management consultants, psychologists. Anyone who takes this issue seriously will tell you that hard-line positions on The Best Way to Work are facile and usually driven by fear of losing control, fear of change, and lack of imagination. People who take the future-of-work question seriously see that there’s a huge opportunity to rethink the vestigial parts of our jobs and create a healthier professional environment.
在过去的两年里,我与数百人谈论过远程工作——数十个行业的员工、人力资源代表、高管、管理顾问、心理学家。 任何认真对待这个问题的人都会告诉你,「最佳工作方式」中的强硬立场是轻率的,通常是因为害怕失去控制、害怕改变和缺乏想象力。 认真对待未来工作问题的人看到,有一个巨大的机会来重新思考我们工作的残余部分并创造一个更健康的职业环境。
和 Elad Gil 的观点相反,Warzel 认为,这些公司过早的享受了高估值,而其创始人或高管根本不懂得现代管理的科学和艺术,而只是简单的把资本市场的狂热追逐等同于自己在企业管理上的成功。
毫无疑问,在过去十年甚至更长的时间里,科技企业的高速成长掩盖了其内部管理的种种缺陷,但这并不妨碍人们希望了解或学习这些企业的成长秘方。在这个过程中,人们可能会忽视客观存在的外部因素,而一厢情愿的把一切成功都归因到企业自身——特别是创始人自身上。大量的商业畅销书、媒体报道和社媒传播让这种聚光灯效应更加强烈,包括创始人在内的一切当事人都难以冷静思考。
These leaders seem to want two things: to at least appear as if they have ultimate control or authority over the direction of their company, down to the nooks and crannies of its culture, and to constantly make news with their management decisions. The control part is straightforward—they’re the visionaries, after all! They ought to be in charge! But the publicity bit is key. Staking out controversial positions on zeitgeisty issues is a good way to keep one’s name relevant and to further craft a cult of personality. In the case of someone like Musk, the constant news-making creates a kind of fandom among supporters, many of whom marvel at Great Business Visionaries and/or think workers these days are too coddled or too woke, or that organized-labor movements are misguided, or that there’s no place for politics in the workplace. If you hurl hot takes and piss people off, the intuition seems to go, you’ll deepen the bond between you and your true believers (many of whom are also your industry peers), and they will praise your bad management as radical candor.
这些领导者似乎想要两件事:至少看起来好像他们对公司的方向拥有最终控制权或权威,直至其文化的各个角落,并不断通过他们的管理决策发布新闻。控制部分很简单——毕竟他们是有远见的人!他们应该负责!但公众影响力是关键。在时代精神问题上发表有争议的立场是保持个人名字相关性并进一步塑造个人崇拜的好方法。对于像马斯克这样的人来说,不断的新闻制作在支持者中产生了一种狂热,他们中的许多人惊叹于伟大的商业远见者和/或认为现在的打工人过于娇惯或过于清醒,或者有组织的劳工运动是被误导了,或者说工作场所没有政治存在的余地。如果你猛烈抨击并惹恼人们,直觉似乎会消失,你会加深你和你真正的信徒(其中许多人也是你的行业同行)之间的联系,他们会称赞你的糟糕管理是激进的坦率。
比如早年读过的一些关于 Google 内部管理的方法,现在很多甚至已经不在 Google 内部推行了,但当这些金科玉律印刷在纸上的时候,又有谁不会相信,这就是解决自己头痛的良方呢?
所谓 Musk 管理学派最让人信服的就是「第一性原理」,这甚至就是统御宇宙万物的真理。当 Musk 让人们相信,他已经洞悉了这个原理,那么还有什么是做不到的呢?
盲从是人类容易犯的错误。我们需要有人在犯错的时候冷言指摘,而不是为个人崇拜的狂热所蒙蔽。
Why Social Networks Won’t Stop Pushing NFTs by Casey Newton
在加密货币遭遇寒冬之时,NFT 也遇到了量价齐跌的情况。Casey Newton 发现主要的社交网络仍然在积极推进 NFT 的相关产品功能开发。
I contacted Reddit, Meta, and Twitter today to see if they would talk to me about how their NFT efforts are going; none agreed to talk with me. It’s a measure of their confidence in an eventual comeback for NFTs that they are at least releasing their NFT showcases, however indifferent the user base seems to be to them so far.
我今天联系了 Reddit、Meta 和 Twitter,看看他们是否会和我谈谈他们的 NFT 努力进展如何;没有人同意和我谈谈。这是衡量他们对 NFT 最终卷土重来的信心的一个指标,他们至少发布了他们的 NFT 展示,尽管到目前为止,用户群似乎对他们漠不关心。
Meta in particular has continued to champion the long-term potential of NFTs, even positioning them as a bedrock of the virtual reality metaverse it seeks to build. The fact that NFTs are owned by individuals means in theory that they can be moved from service to service, platform to platform, creating a more interoperable version of the internet than the one we have today.
特别是 Meta 继续倡导 NFT 的长期潜力,甚至将它们定位为其寻求建立的虚拟现实元宇宙的基石。NFT 由个人拥有的事实意味着,从理论上讲,它们可以从一个服务移动到另一个服务,从一个平台移动到另一个平台,从而创建一个比我们今天拥有的互联网更具互操作性的版本。
Beliefs are Fashions by Erik Torenberg
这是一篇关于如何改变人们信仰的文章。
Torenberg 认为,人们选择一种信仰的基础并不来自于这个信仰是否符合逻辑,而在于其是否提供了充足的社交资本。
To summarize: People don’t choose beliefs according to the merits or logical value of those ideas—people choose ideas that will best improve their reputation within a tribe.
总结一下:人们不会根据这些想法的优点或逻辑价值来选择信仰——人们会选择最能提高他们在部落中的声誉的想法。
The best way to do this is by holding beliefs that both cater to elite tribes while simultaneously avoiding taking on the opinions of normies (i.e. the masses). This explains the Rotten Tomatoes phenomenon: when elites praise something that normies hate, or vice versa.
做到这一点的最好方法是持有既迎合精英部落又同时避免接受普通(即群众)意见的信念。 这就解释了烂番茄现象:当精英们称赞一些普通人讨厌的东西时,反之亦然。

作者花费了大概 1/3 的篇幅来解释为什么信仰更像是时尚行业。时尚行业有非常独特和神秘的地方,我们经常说不清楚为什么某种设计会变得流行,而之前就是土味的;也说不清楚为什么某些品牌会定那么高的价格,而另一些就不行。
Have you noticed that many fashion models are either much skinnier or heavier than you’d expect? This is because the elites doing the marketing are using their taste to signal that they’re not normie. By elites establishing their tastes as different, they’re both proclaiming their loyalty to their tribe while distinguishing themselves from the pack.
您是否注意到许多时装模特比您预期的更瘦或更重? 这是因为做营销的精英们正在用他们的品味来表明他们不是常态。 通过精英们将自己的品味确定为不同,他们都在宣扬自己对部落的忠诚,同时将自己与其他人区分开来。
停上去,时尚是精英的共谋,一定要让普通人看不懂,看不透,但又很想要。作者试图让我们相信,信仰实际上就是时尚,只有让它看上去很高级,普通人无法拥有,它才会被人相信。
This is why, in order to change someone’s beliefs it’s important to not merely address the substance of the belief. It’s more important to consider how prestigious the belief is, how prestigious the people who believe it are, and how hard it would be for normies to discover and/or believe in it.
这就是为什么,为了改变某人的信念,重要的是不要仅仅解决信念的实质。 更重要的是要考虑信仰的声望,相信它的人有多么有声望,以及让普通人发现和/或相信它的难度。
Shortform
Do this ... not this ... or this will happen Key Question: How can you balance your current activities to prevent eventual collapse?

如何避免计划崩溃。正好赶上季度规划,打印了一张图放桌子上。
Longform
本周读完了 Scott Belsky 的 The Messy Middle 一书。
Scott Belsky 写了一本很细腻丰富的书。大部分商业书籍往往执着于剧情或方法,很少有 Belsky 这样把自己职业生涯中的种种心境记录和讲述出来。
书的最后一部分(今天早上读的,还有比较深的印象)写的是,他们把公司卖掉了,很多人都财务自由了。然后团队里有一个同事就表现得很不正常,各种奇怪的言行,能感觉出来这个人应该内心在抗争什么。Belsky 就找这个人聊了一下,和他说,你不需要抗争什么,这些都是你应得的。这个人沉默了一下,眼睛里包含泪水,突然间明白了其实自己不需要和任何事情做斗争。
我读到这个故事的时候,虽然没有亲历,但能感受到其中蕴含的情绪能量。
情绪是难以记录的,一旦那个瞬间溜走,就很难再捕捉到。我不知道 Belsky 如何记录下这些琐碎的片断,又把它们放到书的章节中。我自己写过书,觉得挺难做到的。
希望还有机会能读到跟多 Belsky 的作品。
本月会整理出这本书的读书笔记,向付费订阅者发布。
那么,本周就分享这些。如果疫情好转,可能下周还是要回去看父母,可能会暂停更新。
Neo